GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM MACADAMIA  NUT SHELL WASTE IN VIETNAM AND ASSESSING THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

Nguyễn Thành Dương; Nguyễn Văn Doanh

doi:10.34238/tnu-jst.12754

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM MACADAMIA NUT SHELL WASTE IN VIETNAM AND ASSESSING THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY

About this article

Received: 08/05/25 Revised: 26/06/25 Published: 26/06/25

Authors

1. Nguyen Thanh Duong , Institute of Materials Science - Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
2. Nguyen Van Doanh, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences

Abstract

Macadamia has been incorporated into Vietnam’s agricultural development strategy, leading to a significant increase in macadamia nut shell waste. To promote environmental protection and enhance economic value, this study is the first to utilize macadamia nut shell extract in Vietnam for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This approach offers a sustainable pathway for nanomaterial production, addressing the demand for eco-friendly antibacterial materials. Among the four extraction solvents evaluated (DCM, EtOAc, EtOH, and water), the DCM extract exhibited the highest flavonoid and triterpenoid content, making it the most suitable for silver nanoparticles synthesis. The synthesis conditions were optimized with 8–10 mL of DCM extract, at 40–60 °C, reaction time of 4–8 hours, and pH 7. The silver nanoparticles formed showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak around 425 nm, spherical to polygonal morphology, an average size of 25 ± 5 nm, and good colloidal stability (zeta potential of –32 mV). Antibacterial assays demonstrated that silver nanoparticles when tested at a concentration of 20 µg/mL, exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with inhibition zones of 12,8 ± 0,5 mm and 11,0 ± 0,3 mm, respectively. This study highlights the potential of macadamia shell waste as a sustainable resource for producing eco-friendly antibacterial nanomaterials.

Keywords

Silver nanoparticles; Green synthesis; Macadamia nut shell; Antibacterial activity; Agricultural waste

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.34238/tnu-jst.12754

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